The use of the human voice to convey emotion is abundant and vital developmentally as in the case of infant-directed speech ( Trainor et al., 2000), and can be accurately identified by people of different cultures ( Bryant and Barrett, 2008), suggesting that emotion communication may be a universal function of the human voice. The power of the human voice to communicate emotion is well documented in verbal speech ( Fairbanks and Pronovost, 1938 Scherer, 1995) as well as in non-verbal vocal sounds ( Skinner, 1935), and the human voice is thought to convey emotional valence, arousal, and intensity ( Laukka et al., 2005) via its modification of spectral and temporal signals ( Fairbanks and Pronovost, 1938 Bachorowski and Owren, 1995). The ability to detect emotion in speech and music is an important task in our daily lives. Results highlight the effects of gender and aging in emotion perception and are discussed in terms of the social roles of music. Furthermore, we found that the effect of the voice on enhancing arousal ratings is independent of familiarity of the song and differs across genders and age: females were more influenced by vocals than males furthermore these gender effects were enhanced among older adults. We observed robust effects of vocal content on perceived arousal. Participants ( N = 50) made valence and arousal ratings for familiar songs that were presented with and without the voice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of vocals in music on participants' perceived valence and arousal in songs. Although the relationship between language and music is well documented, relatively little is known about the effects of lyrics and the voice on the emotional processing of music and on listeners' preferences. Music is a powerful medium capable of eliciting a broad range of emotions. 2Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA.1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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